ABSTRACT
Pediatric gastroenteritis is a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in developing countries. Diarrhoea can be caused by a variety of different pathogens including bacteria, viruses and parasites. Among the viruses; Rotavirus has been extensively studied and is responsible for 44% of GE cases. As the Rotavirus vaccination coverage improves, the causative agent’s shift may be more towards the Calciviruses (Norovirus, Sappovirus) and other similar viruses, and consequently the investigations should focus on these viruses in future. This study was conducted in a Teaching hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana State included 118 cases of Gastroenteritis of which 6 cases were positive for Norovirus (NoV) i.e.; 5% of cases were NoV positive by RIDASCREEN EIA and RIDA QUICK, the rapid test for NoV virus. These 6 cases were children between 7 months and one and half year old. The age profile showed a fall in the number of diarrhoea cases as the child’s age increases. 63 (53.3%) were male children and 55 (46.6%) were female children. In children < 2 years (n=83), 22 (26.5%) were breast fed, 30 (36.1%) were bottle fed and 7 (8.4%) were on mixed Alimelu M, Radha Mohan M., Vindhya Tuladi, Sudhershan Reddy P, Shailaja V.V., Preeti Nagaraj G. Prevalence of Norovirus and epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in children. IAIM, 2016; 3(6): 157-163. Page 158 feeds. Among mothers 25.42% never washed their hands with soap, 60.16% used soap occasionally and only 14.4% always used soap. 43.2 % presented with no dehydration, 27.96% presented with some dehydration and 28.8% presented with severe dehydration. 70.3% of mothers continued to feed during diarrhoea. Regarding the treatment used for diarrhoea before admission in hospital, 42.37% used ORS, 27.11% used both ORS and antibiotics, 55.08% were on antibiotics and 11% took no treatment at all.
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is the most common infectious cause of death worldwide. Young children especially infants usually are more susceptible to tuberculous infection. Disease usually develops within 1 year of infection. The present study has been conducted upon 41 children in whom Mantoux test was positive (n=41). These children were coming to our outpatient department, in a Teaching Hospital, Nizamabad, Telangana State with mild fever, cough, night sweats, anorexia, and loss of weight. The age group selected for this study was 1 to 12 year, and the period of study was from August, 2013 to December, 2015. Among the 41 children under study 13 children were 1 to 4 year and 28 were 5 to 12 year. Among the total 41 cases of Mantoux positive, 16 (39%) were found to be suffering from tuberculous disease and anti tuberculous drugs were started. In these cases 7 were 1 to 4 year (n=13), and 9 were 5 to 12 year (n=28). After 3 months follow up, all the children who were on ATT became free from their symptoms. It shows association between mantoux positivity and tuberculosis is more in children between 1 and 4 year than children between the age of 5 and 12 year. Most of the other children needed antipyretics, other symptomatic drugs and antibiotics only. But in 3 cases symptoms were not relieved either with antibiotics or with trial ATT. The factors for deciding tuberculosis are history of contact, clinical picture, CBP, ESR, chest- x- ray, Mantoux test, sputum for AFB, antibiotic trial, follow up, trial ATT. All these factors are put together and then only we will decide whether to start ATT or not.